The Basics
of Wine
The fundamentals of what goes into those bottles—and
how to get the most out of them
Sure, you love a glass of the stuff with a meal, but do
you really know where those wonderful whites and ravishing
reds come from? If your answer runs along the lines of "the
liquor store on the corner, of course," then you're definitely
due for a primer on the fundamentals of wine.
Before we begin, keep this point in mind: There's no reason
for wine to intimidate you. It's simply a beverage made by
grapes, rain, sunshine, and the winemaker's skill. You don't
have to spend a lifetime, or a fortune, getting to know wine
in order to enjoy it.
Great Grapes
Let's start with the basics. All wine is made from grapes—either
one grape or several. Red wine is made from the fruit and skin
of—surprise—red grapes (actually often blue or purple
in color); white wine is made from white grapes (usually green
or yellow). Rosé or blush wines are made from the fruit
of red grapes, tinted a little by the skins. It's possible to
make a white wine from red grapes, but it's an expensive process;
the only common example is the champagne known as Blanc de Noir,
which is a white champagne made from the (red) Pinot Noir grape.
The names of the grapes are what we call varietals.
Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon Blanc: Those are grape
names. American wines usually use the name of the grape to
categorize the wine.
France, among other countries, names its wines by the regions
or areas they come from. This regional-naming system sounds
confusing, but it's actually no big deal if know these facts:
- All red Burgundy wine from France is made entirely from
the Pinot Noir grape
- All white Burgundy wine, including Chablis, is made from
Chardonnay.
- Wines from St. Emilion are made mostly of Merlot.
- Most French red Bordeaux wines are a mix of Merlot and
Cabernet Sauvignon.
So, if you're a fan of American Merlot and want to try something
new, a French Bordeaux or a Chilean Merlot will be different,
but not totally foreign. Or, if you like Chianti, try an American
Sangiovese, which is made from the same grape.
All About Age
Another major consideration in wine is how old it is. White
wines tend to be fine drunk young; only a few benefit from aging.
Many red wines need some time in the bottle to settle down.
Vintage—that date on the bottle—means
more than age. Wine is really affected by weather. A year
with a lot of rain tends to produce a thin wine that is better
drunk young. A dry season can damage grapes and cause shortages
(and therefore higher prices). Perfect growing weather (rain
and sun at all the right times) can create great wine that
is worth collecting.
Since, as we're all aware, the weather is different from
location to location, it helps to know what vintages are best
from what places. Get yourself a good vintage chart
before you go shopping for wine (they are readily available
in wine magazines and online at sites like winespectator.com).
This chart will tell you what wines are better and worse,
and which are ready to drink now. If you drink a wine too
young, you'll never get a sense of what it's really supposed
to taste like.
Expense Report
Not surprisingly, wine that needs aging—and that matures
beautifully with age—is pricier than wine that can be
picked, bottled and sold right away. Wines from small, boutique
vineyards are more expensive than wines grown in vast vineyards,
because their overhead is spread out among fewer bottles.
Many countries make wine today. On the American market, the
most popular wines are from California, France and Italy.
Australian wines are just starting to increase in popularity,
but their prices are also heading northward. If you're in
search of a steal, check out Chilean wines-they're improving
in quality yet are still inexpensive. Also, many wines from
Spain and Italy offer good bang for the buck.
Becoming a connoisseur
Think you've got to buy bottle after bottle to boost your wine
know-how? Think again. These inexpensive ideas will have you
headed down the path to vino expertise with your wallet intact:
- Find a wine shop that hosts tastings. Basically,
this gives you a chance to try free samples and buy wine
you know you'll like.
- Try wine by the glass. If you can find a wine
bar, so much the better. If you like the wine, ask to see
the bottle and make note of the name and vintage.
- Look for ratings in the wine store or supermarket.
Many publications have panels of experienced tasters who
rate wines, and when they get a good rating, the wine producer
likes to advertise it. Look for a rating of 87 or better.
- Gather your buddies together and have a wine-tasting
party. People will drink anything at parties! Here's
your chance to dive into five or six bottles of wine you've
never tried before. And who knows? You just may discover
a new favorite.
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